RESUMO O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de plantas de Eucalyptus urograndis podem ser influenciados por produtos à base de frações húmicas da matéria orgânica, MAP purificado e condicionadores de solo, como hidrogel; assim, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos produtos comerciais Fertiactyl® à base de substâncias húmicas, MAP purificado e hidrogel no desenvolvimento e na sobrevivência em pós-plantio de Eucalyptus urograndis. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 25 tratamentos e quatro repetições sendo cada repetição uma parcela composta por 6 plantas. A imersão dos tubetes em solução com doses de Fertiactyl® e MAP purificado promoveu o aumento no desenvolvimento e na sobrevivência das plantas. No preparo do hidrogel a utilização de solução à base de Fertiactyl® e MAP purificado reduziram a capacidade de hidratação do polímero hidro-retentor; com o aumento das doses houve aumento linear na condutividade elétrica da solução fazendo com que a capacidade de hidratação do polímero fosse reduzida exponencialmente.

ABSTRACT The development and survival of Eucalyptus urograndis plants may be influenced by products based on humic fractions of the organic matter, purified MAP and soil conditioners, such as hydrogel. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the commercial products Fertiactyl®, based on humic substances, purified MAP and hydrogel on the post-planting development and survival of Eucalyptus urograndis. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 25 treatments and four replicates, each of which consisted of 6 plants. The immersion of the tubes in solution with doses of Fertiactyl® and purified MAP promoted the increase in the development and survival of the plants. In the preparation of the hydrogel, the use of solution based on Fertiactyl® and purified MAP reduced the hydration capacity of the water-retaining polymer. With increasing doses, there was a linear increment in the electrical conductivity of the solution, exponentially reducing the hydration capacity of the polymer.

As áreas destinadas à pecuária têm-se expandido sobre áreas de vegetação nativa promovendo transformações na qualidade do solo. O objetivo foi avaliar os atributos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico sob diferentes coberturas vegetais para saber se a degradação do pasto representa a degradação do solo. As áreas avaliadas foram: floresta nativa; capoeira; pastagem sem controle de lotação animal; pastagem em pousio; pastagem com invasoras; pastagem degradada com solo descoberto e invasoras, pastagem degradada com invasoras e espécies arbóreas e pastagem com baixa produção de forragem. Todas as pastagens eram formadas pela gramínea Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Realizaram-se 128 amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm, dentro de cada área de manejo considerada como parcela experimental e a cobertura do solo foi quantificada. Foram mensuradas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. Os dados foram submetidos a estudo geoestatístico. Foram constatados aumento na resistência mecânica à penetração e diminuição nos teores de matéria orgânica nas áreas mais degradadas. Pasto degradado não representa necessariamente solo degradado enquanto solo degradado está relacionado a pastagem degrada.

The areas for livestock raising have expanded into areas of native vegetation, promoting changes in soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attributes of a Entisol under different vegetation covers to whether the pasture degradation represents soil degradation. The areas evaluated were: native forest, shrub, uncontrolled grazing animal stocking, grazing in fallow pasture with weeds; degraded pasture with bare soil and weeds, degraded pasture with weeds and tree species and grassland with low forage production. All pastures were formed by Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Hundred and twenty eight soil samples were collected in 0-5 and 5-10 cm, within each management area, considered as an experimental plot and soil cover was quantified. The chemical and physical properties of the soil were measured. Data were subjected to geoestatistical study. Increase in penetration resistance and decrease in the levels of organic matter were observed in the most degraded areas. Degraded pasture is not necessarily degraded land while degraded soil is related to grazing degrades.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea is frequent during the acute phase of stroke, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. A well-established relationship between supine sleep and obstructive sleep apnea severity exists in non-stroke patients. This study investigated the frequency of supine sleep and positional obstructive sleep apnea in patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS: Patients who suffered their first acute stroke, either ischemic or hemorrhagic, were subjected to a full polysomnography, including the continuous monitoring of sleep positions, during the first night after symptom onset. Obstructive sleep apnea severity was measured using the apnea-hypopnea index, and the NIHSS measured stroke severity. RESULTS: We prospectively studied 66 stroke patients. The mean age was 57.6±11.5 years, and the mean body mass index was 26.5±4.9. Obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index >5) was present in 78.8% of patients, and the mean apnea-hypopnea index was 29.7±26.6. The majority of subjects (66.7%) spent the entire sleep time in a supine position, and positional obstructive sleep apnea was clearly present in the other 23.1% of cases. A positive correlation was observed between the NIHSS and sleep time in the supine position (r s = 0.5; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged supine positioning during sleep was highly frequent after stroke, and it was related to stroke severity. Positional sleep apnea was observed in one quarter of stroke patients, which was likely underestimated during the acute phase of stroke. The adequate positioning of patients during sleep during the acute phase of stroke may decrease obstructive respiratory events, regardless of the stroke subtype.

A degeneração hepatocerebral adquirida (AHD) e a degeneração hepatolenticular podem ter apresentações clínicas semelhantes, mas quando uma doença hepática crônica e achados motores atípicos coexistem, a distinção entre AHD e encefalopatia hepática (HE) pode ser ainda mais complicada. Descrevemos três casos de AHD (dois tendo HE) com diferentes achados em neuroimagem, doenças hepáticas distintas e apresentações motoras semelhantes, todos com hipertensão arterial e perda de peso antes das manifestações motoras. O diagnóstico e a fisiopatologia são comentados e comparados com relatos prévios. Concluímos que existem muitas correlações entre HE, degeneração hepatolenticular e AHD, mas a sobreposição de HE e AHD pode ser mais comum dependendo do conhecimento clínico e da acurácia dos critérios diagnósticos adotados para cada enfermidade. Como a AHD não é considerada prioridade na lista de transplante hepático, o prognóstico dos pacientes com AHD permanece ruim, e a interrupção do fluxo nos shunts portossistêmicos deve ser sempre considerada.

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) and hepatolenticular degeneration can have similar clinical presentations, but when a chronic liver disease and atypical motor findings coexist, the distinction between AHD and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can be even more complicated. We describe three cases of AHD (two having HE) with different neuroimaging findings, distinct hepatic diseases and similar motor presentations, all presenting chronic arterial hypertension and weight loss before the disease manifestations. The diagnosis and physiopathology are commented upon and compared with previous reports. In conclusion, there are many correlations among HE, hepatolenticular degeneration and AHD, but the overlapping of AHD and HE could be more common depending on the clinical knowledge and diagnostic criteria adopted for each condition. Since AHD is not considered a priority that affects the liver transplant list, the prognosis in AHD patients remains poor, and flow interruption in portosystemic shunts must always be taken into account.

PURPOSE: To compare the time-of-flight and contrast-enhanced- magnetic resonance angiography techniques in a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance unit with digital subtraction angiography with the latest flat-panel technology and 3D reconstruction in the evaluation of embolized cerebral aneurysms. INTRODUCTION: Many embolized aneurysms are subject to a recurrence of intra-aneurismal filling. Traditionally, imaging surveillance of coiled aneurysms has consisted of repeated digital subtraction angiography. However, this method has a small but significant risk of neurological complications, and many authors have advocated the use of noninvasive imaging methods for the surveillance of embolized aneurysms. METHODS: Forty-three aneurysms in 30 patients were studied consecutively between November 2009 and May 2010. Two interventional neuroradiologists rated the time-of-flight-magnetic resonance angiography, the contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance angiography, and finally the digital subtraction angiography, first independently and then in consensus. The status of aneurysm occlusion was assessed according to the Raymond scale, which indicates the level of recanalization according to degrees: Class 1: excluded aneurysm; Class 2: persistence of a residual neck; Class 3: persistence of a residual aneurysm. The agreement among the analyses was assessed by applying the Kappa statistic. RESULTS: Inter-observer agreement was excellent for both methods (K = 0.93; 95 % CI: 0.84-1). Inter-technical agreement was almost perfect between time-of-flight-magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography (K = 0.98; 95 % CI: 0.93-1) and between time-of-flight-magnetic resonance angiography and contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance angiography (K = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93-1). Disagreement occurred in only one case (2.3%), which was classified as Class I by time-of-flight-magnetic resonance angiography and Class II by digital subtraction angiography. The agreement between contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography was perfect (K = 1; 95% CI: 1-1). In three patients, in-stent stenosis was identified by magnetic resonance angiography but not confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. CONCLUSION: Digital subtraction angiography and both 3T magnetic resonance angiography techniques have excellent reproducibility for the assessment of aneurysms embolized exclusively with coils. In those cases also treated with stent remodeling, digital subtraction angiography may still be necessary to confirm eventual parent artery stenosis, as identified by magnetic resonance angiography.

OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados técnicos, clínicos e angiográficos de uma série de aneurismas intracranianos não cirúrgicos tratados por via endovascular no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo e comparar com os dados disponíveis na literatura atualmente. MÉTODO: Entre agosto de 2005 e novembro de 2008, 137 aneurismas foram tratados por via endovascular em 106 pacientes. Destes, 101 eram não rotos em 75 pacientes e 36 aneurismas foram tratados em 31 pacientes durante a fase aguda de ruptura. Os dados foram incluídos de maneira prospectiva. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três aneurismas (46%) foram tratados com técnica simples, 52 (38%) com remodelagem por balão, 15 (10,9%) com remodelagem por stent e 7 (5,1%) por oclusão terapêutica da carótida interna. Seis complicações clínicas ocorreram (5,7%), 3 (2,8%) transitórias e 3 (2,8%) permanentes. Seguimento angiográfico foi realizado para 97 aneurismas (70,8%), clínico para 77 pacientes (70,8%) e contato telefônico para 97 pacientes (91,5%). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados nesta série, em termos técnicos, clínicos e angiográficos, são semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate technical, clinical and angiographic results of a nonsurgical series of intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular approach at Hospital das Clínicas of Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo. METHOD: Between August 2005 and November 2008, 137 aneurysms in 106 patients were endovascularly treated. Of these, 101 were unruptured in 75 patients and 36 aneurysms in 31 patients were treated during the acute phase. The data were prospectively studied. RESULTS: Sixty three aneurysms (46%) were treated with coils alone, 52 (38%) with balloon remodeling, 15 (10.9%) with stent remodeling, and 7 (5.1%) with therapeutic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Six clinical complications (5.7%) were related to the procedures, 3 (2.8%) transitory and 3 (2.8%) permanent. Angiographic follow-up was available for 97 aneurysms (70.8%), clinical monitoring for 77 patients (72.6%) and telephone contact for 97 (91.5%). CONCLUSION: The technical, clinical and angiographic results found in this study are similar to those reported in the literature

A produtividade em sistemas agrícolas de subsistência depende do nível de fertilidade natural do solo. Em condições de relevo forte ondulado, espera-se que a fertilidade do solo se modifique não apenas pelo tipo de uso mas, também, devido à sua posição no relevo. Para avaliar essas modificações, 260 amostras simples de solo (0-20 cm) da microbacia Vaca Brava, PB, representando combinações de três usos do solo, cinco posições no relevo e cinco classes texturais, foram analisadas quanto aos teores de P disponível, bases e acidez trocáveis. Ca e Mg compreenderam 75-80% dos cátions trocáveis, K e Na, de 10 a 15%, e H+Al, 10%; o valor de pH médio foi 5,5, enquanto P Mehlich-1 foi, em média, 3,8 mg kg-1 solo. Apesar dos efeitos significativos (p < 0,05) de uso, relevo e textura nos teores de alguns nutrientes, de forma geral a bacia pareceu relativamente uniforme. A principal diferença entre os usos decorreu da adição de esterco em áreas de roçado e capineira localizadas, preferencialmente, em áreas de pedimento e várzea. Ao redor de 80% das amostras apresentaram teores baixos de P enquanto 70% mostraram teores médios de K; entretanto, utilizando-se o índice K/(Ca+Mg)0,5 conclui-se que a quase totalidade das amostras se apresentou deficiente em K.

Productivity in subsistence agricultural systems relies on natural soil fertility levels. Under strongly undulated relief conditions, it is expected that soil fertility will be determined not only by land use, but also by the position in the landscape. To study these relationships 260 single soil samples (0-20 cm) from the Vaca Brava watershed, Paraiba, representing combinations of three land uses, five positions in the landscape and five textures were analyzed for extractable P, exchangeable bases and soil acidity. Ca and Mg comprised 75-80% of exchangeable cations, K and Na between 10 and 15% and H+Al 10%. The average pH was 5.5, while extractable P (Mehlich-1) averaged 3.8 mg kg-1 soil. Although land use, relief and texture exerted significant effects (p < 0.05) upon certain nutrient concentrations, in a broad sense the watershed appeared relatively uniform. The main effect of land use resulted from the use of animal manure in areas of subsistence agriculture and fodder, which were preferentially located at the base of stopes and low lands positions. Approximately 80% of the samples were low in extractable P, while 70% had medium levels of extractable K. However, when available K was estimated by the K/(Ca+Mg)0,5 ratio, most samples were classified as low.

Introdução: Um dos objetivos da avaliação pré-cirúrgica de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal é detectar pacientes com mau prognóstico cirúrgico para o controle das crises epilépticas. Teoricamente, testes neuropsicológicos poderiam ser empregados com tal finalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar se testes de memória verbal e visual podem ser utilizados como preditores isolados de resultado cirúrgico do controle de crises em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial associada a esclerose hipocampal refratária ao tratamento farmacológico. Métodos: Em um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, usando como endpoint o controle de crises epilépticas, nós avaliamos 187 pacientes, correlacionando aspectos clínicos, avaliação cognitiva, dados de neuroimagem, dados demográficos e achados eletrofisiológicos com o resultado do controle de crises após a lobectomia nesses pacientes. Resultados: Um prognóstico desfavorável no período pós-operatório foi observado apenas em associação com baixos escores de reprodução visual (memória visual). Contudo, após uma correção de Bonferroni, necessária para reduzir a chance de erro tipo I, esse resultado mostrou-se espúrio. Conclusão: Nós concluímos que os testes neuropsicológicos de memória verbal e visual, tais como utilizados na avaliação pré-cirúrgica de rotina dos nossos pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal, não são bons preditores isolados de resultado cirúrgico.

Introduction: One of the objectives of pre-surgical evaluation in mesial temporal epilepsy associated to hippoocampal sclerosis is the identification of patients with bad surgical prognosis for seizure control. At least theoretically, neuropsychological tests could be used in this venue. Objective: To evaluate whether verbal and visual memory tests can be used as isolate predictors of the post-surgical seizure outcome in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis refractory to pharmacological treatment. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study using the control of epileptic seizures as end-point, we evaluated 187 patients and calculated the correlation of clinical variables, cognitive evaluation, neuroimaging data, demographic data and electrophysiological findings with the result of seizure control after lobectomy in these patients. Results: An unfavorable prognosis during the postoperative period was observed only in association with low visual reproduction scores (visual memory). However, after Bonferroni correction, which was necessary to reduce the chance of type I error, this result was found to be spurious. Conclusion: We conclude that neuropsychological tests of verbal and visual memory such as those used in the routine presurgical evaluation of our patients with temporal lobe epilepsy are not good isolated predictors of surgical outcome.

Estudou-se a seletividade de acaricidas a insetos e ácaros predadores em pomares citrícolas localizados em Monte Alto e Vista Alegre do Alto, SP, em 1993 e 1994. Os acaricidas nas dosagens testadas (em g.i.a/1001) foram: em 1993, pyridaben 20 CE, 20 PM e 75 PM (10 e 15), óxido fenbutatin (40) e testemunha; em 1994, pyridaben 20 CE e pyridaben 75 PM (10 e 20), óxido fenbutatin (40), cyhexatin (25) e testemunha. Larvas e adultos de Pentilia egena Muls. e Coccidophilus citricola Bréthes, adultos de Cycloneda sanguinea L., Azya sp. e Calloeneis sp. e larvas de crisopídeos foram observados nas plantas, previamente e a 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação. Para contagem de Euseius sp. e Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 10 folhas do interior da planta foram coletadas e observadas. Os produtos foram classificados em: seletivo (até 25% de mortalidade); levemente tóxico (25 a 50%; moderadamente tóxico (51 a 75%) e tóxico (> 75% de mortalidade). Os resultados indicaram que todos os produtos foram seletivos a adultos de P. egena, porém, pyridaben causou de 25 a 50% e cyhexatin de 51 a 75% de mortalidade de larvas. Pyridaben 20 CE e 75 PM reduziram em 25 a 50% e 51 a 75% respectivamente o número de adultos de C. citricola; já cyhexatin foi tóxico e fenbutatin seletivo a adultos desta espécie. Em relação a larvas de C. citricola mortalidade de 51 a 75% foi causada por pyridaben 20 CE e 75 PM, maior que 75% por cyhexatin e entre 25 e 50% no caso de fenbutatin. Todos os acaricidas foram tóxicos aos ácaros predadores por mais de 21 dias, no entanto, fenbutatin apresentou efeito residual menor (14 dias).

The selectivity of acaricides to predatory insects and mites was studied in two citrus orchards in São Paulo State in 1993 and 1994. Acaricides used (g.a.i /1001) were: in 1993, pyridaben 20 EC, 20 WP and 75 WP (10 and 15), fenbutatin oxide (40) and control; in 1994 pyridaben 20 EC and 75 WP (10 and 20), fenbutatin oxide (40), cyhexatin (25) and control. Evaluations were conducted up to 21 days after spraying. Adults and larvae of Pentilia egena Muls. and Coccidophilus citricola Bréthes, adults of Cycloneda sanguinea L., Azya sp. and Calloeneis sp. and larvae ofchrysopids were counted on the canopy of the tree. Euseius sp. and Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma were counted on 10 leaves from the canopy. The products were classified as: harmless (< 25% of mortality); slightly harmful (25 to 50%); moderately harmful (51 to 75%), and harmful (> 75%). All products were harmless to adults of P. egena; fenbutatin caused < 25% of mortality, pyridaben killed 25 to 50% and cyhexatin 51 to 75% of P. egena larvae. Pyridaben 20 EC and 75 WP were slightly and moderately harmful, cyhexatin caused >75% of mortality and fenbutatin was harmless to adults of C. citricola. Concerning C. citricola, fenbutatin killed 25 to 50% of the larvae, pyridaben 20 EC and 75 WP caused 51 to 75% mortality while cyhexatin caused > 75% mortality. All treatments killed more than 75% of the phytoseiids up to 21 days except fenbutatin oxide which was harmful up to 14 days.

Os anticorpos antifosfolípides (aFLs) constituem grupo heterogêneo de imunoglobulinas que tem sido relacionado com alterações na coagulabilidade. Indivíduos com títulos elevados teriam maior probabilidade de desenvolver tromboses de repetição, tanto arterial como venosa, e por conseguinte infarto cerebral (IC). Os testes para detecção mais utilizados em estudos clínicos são o inibidor lúpico e a anticardiolipina. Têm-se relatado maiores percentuais de positividade nesses testes em pacientes jovens com IC. Neste estudo procuramos investigar a prevalência desses anticorpos em pacientes com IC entre 15 e 40 anos em nosso Serviço. Examinamos 66 pacientes para presença de aFLs e obtivemos 16,65% de resultados positivos. Confirmamos diagnóstico de síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide primária em três (4,55%) casos. Concluímos que a pesquisa de rotina para aFLs em pacientes jovens com IC está indicada neste grupo de pacientes, mas correlacioná-los com o episódio isquêmico nem sempre é possível.

The antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogenous group of immunoglobulins that have been related with alterations in blood coagulability in recent years. Patients with elevated titers of these antibodies have a high probability to develop thrombotic events, including cerebral infarct (CI). The tests currently used to detect these antibodies are the lupus anticoagulant and ELISA for anticardiolipin antibodies which have a larger proportion of positivity among young patients with CI. In our study we tested 66 patients with cerebral infarcts whose ages ranged from 15 to 40 years for the presence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies. The results showed that eleven (16.65%) patients were positive for aPLs and three (4.55%) of them fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for primary antiphospholipid syndrome. These data point out to the importance of investigating aPLs in young patients with CI and its high prevalence in this group compared with healthy population.

Infartos cerebrais (IC) em jovens apresentam múltiplas etiologias que diferem do padrão observado nos indivíduos idosos. Deficiências de anticoagulantes naturais têm sido descritas nos últimos anos como causa de IC, principalmente em pacientes com menos de 40 anos. Existe tendência atual de se pesquisar essas deficiências em todos os pacientes jovens com infarto cerebral de causa indeterminada e naqueles com manifestações trombóticas de múltiplos sistemas. Realizamos pesquisa dos níveis de proteína C, proteína S e antitrombina III em pacientes entre 15 e 40 anos com ICs classificados como indeterminados após conclusão de protocolo básico de investigação. Diagnosticamos dois casos de deficiência de proteína C e um caso de deficiência de proteína S. Concluímos que a investigação sistemática de causas hematológicas proporciona decréscimo no número de infartos indeterminados, além de possibilitar a adoção de condutas específicas que diminuem a incidência de novos eventos nos casos diagnosticados.

The possible etiologies of cerebral infarcts (CI) in young patients differ from those in the older stroke population. Recently, deficiencies of fibrinolytic factors emerged as an important etiology of stroke in the young population. The literature has emphasized the diagnosis of such conditions especially in stroke cases of undetermined etiology and with history of recurrent thrombosis. We carried out a research on the serum level of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III in young patients, between 15 and 40 years, with CI of undetermined cause after application of a standard protocol. Three patients had low levels of these proteins; two had protein C deficiency, and one protein S deficiency. None of them had antithrombin III deficiency. We conclude that systematic investigation of such causes of cerebral infarct will reduce the group of undetermined strokes, and will open the possibility of prophylactic treatment in a non-negligible group of patients.

Os anticorpos antifosfolípides (aFLs) têm sido associados a várias síndromes neurológicas, destacando-se a grande incidência os infartos celebrais. Os mecanismos responsáveis pelo comprometimento vascular encefálico em pacientes com títulos elevados de aFLs permanecem em discussão. A existência de vasculopatia relacionada a este grupo heterogêneo de imunoglobulinas é, no entanto, inquetionável. Relatamos dois casos de síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide primário que apresentaram enfartos cerebrais. Os achados angiográficos no primeiro sugeriam vasculite intracraniana, embora houvesse também estenose proximal sugestiva de trombose "in situ". No segundo paciente a angiografia mostrava obstrução de carótida interna, sem sinais de aterosclerose, e na necrópsia foi confirmada a hipótese de vasculopatia trombótica em múltiplos sítios. Nossos achados servem de modelo para discutirmos as controvérsias existentes a respeito da patogênese deste tipo de vasculopatia. Ou seja, se a lesão primária seria vasculite, trombose ou ambas.

The antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with a large number of neurologic syndromes, cerebral infarct (CI) being the most common of them. In these cases the pathogenesis of the CI is poorly understood and remains controversial; however, the existence of a vasculopathy is indubitable. We report the cases of two young patients with CI and diagnosis of primary antiphospholipid syndrome who were submitted to cerebral angiograms, and one of them to necropsy. In one case the angiographic findings were similar to those of vasculitis in intracranial vessels. In the other case we observed obstruction in internal carotid artery at the angiography that looked like thrombosis in situ; at necropsy we found non-atherosclerotic obstruction in coronary arteries. In summary, is the primary lesion vasculitis, thrombosis, or both? These cases ilustrate the discussion and demonstrate that vasculitic mechanisms may be involved in the vasculopathy of primary antiphospholipid syndrome eventhough trombosis occur more frequently.